Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive lung condition that makes breathing increasingly difficult over time. It primarily includes two main conditions: emphysema, which damages the air sacs in the lungs, and chronic bronchitis, which involves long-term inflammation of the airways. Understanding the fundamentals of COPD is crucial for effective management and improved quality of life.
The primary cause of COPD is long-term exposure to lung irritants, with cigarette smoking being the most significant risk factor. Other contributors include air pollution, chemical fumes, and genetic factors like alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. The disease develops gradually, with many people unaware they have it until significant lung damage has occurred.
Common symptoms include persistent cough, increased mucus production, shortness of breath (especially during physical activity), wheezing, and chest tightness. These symptoms typically worsen over time and can significantly impact daily activities. Diagnosis involves spirometry testing, which measures how much air you can exhale and how quickly.
While COPD has no cure, proper management can control symptoms, reduce complication risks, and improve quality of life. Treatment typically includes medication, pulmonary rehabilitation, and lifestyle modifications. Early diagnosis and comprehensive care are essential for slowing disease progression.